Birthers critics say Vattel never used “natural born citizen” and common law had long defined natural born citizen as someone who was born a citizen regardless of their parents’ citizenship.

Natural Born Citizen – Jus Soli (law of the soil) vs. Jus Sanguinis (law of the blood)

Sir William Blackstone

Nations define citizenship in two broad categories, Jus Soli (law of the soil) and Jus Sanguinis (law of the blood). England and colonies all followed Jus Soli, so anyone born in England or colonies were natural born subjects regardless of their parents’ citizenship. The most authoritative text on Common Law during the colonial era was An Analysis of the Laws of England by William Blackstone. Blackstone is quite clear about the term natural born in the citizenship context:

The first and most obvious division of the people is into aliens and natural-born subjects. Natural-born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England, that is, within the ligeance, or as it is generally called, the allegiance of the king; and aliens, such as are born out of it. Allegiance is the tie, or ligamen, which binds the subject to the king, in return for that protection which the king affords the subject. The thing itself, or substantial part of it, is founded in reason and the nature of government; the name and the form are derived to us from our Gothic ancestors.

Allegiance, both express and implied, is however distinguished by the law into two sorts or species, the one natural, the other local; the former being also perpetual, the latter temporary. Natural allegiance is such as is due from all men born within the king’s dominions immediately upon their birth…

What did Natural Born Citizen Mean When the Constitution was Adopted?

Our constitution doesn’t explicitly define the term “natural born citizen” but there is overwhelming evidence that “natural born citizen” was widely understood at the time and didn’t need definition.

Following independence, the articles of confederation were adopted, which concentrated power in the states, including immigration. Every state embraced English common law, except where it conflicted with their new constitution. For example, the Delaware constitution states:

The common law of England, as well as so much of the statute law as has been heretofore adopted in practice in this state, shall remain in force unless they shall be altered by a future law of the Legislature, such parts only excepted as are repugnant to the rights and privileges contained in this Constitution and the declaration of rights, & agreed by this convention.

Virginia’s reception statute:

And be it further ordained, That the common law of England, all statutes or acts of Parliament made in aid of the common law prior to the fourth year of the reign of King James the first, and which are of a general nature, not local to that kingdom, together with the several acts of the General Assembly of this colony now in force, so far as the same may consist with several ordinances, declarations, and resolutions of the General Convention, shall be the rule of decision, and shall be considered as in full force, until the same shall be altered by the legislative power of this colony.

English common law became American common law, and no state passed a statute embracing Jus Sanguinis (law of the blood). Immigration power was reserved to the states, until our constitution shifted that power to Congress.

Birther ‘Pretzel Logic’ and Vattel’s “Law of Nations”

Emer de Vattel, Swiss Philosopher

It takes ‘pretzel logic’ to believe our constitution’s framers meant Vattel’s notion of “naturals” to define citizenship, a drastic change from centuries of jus soli. Surely if our founders wanted to make such a drastic change they would have explicitly defined “natural born citizen”, indicating the term was widely understood. Vattel never used the term “natural born citizen.”

The framers did read Vattel, but never quoted the following passage from Emer de Vattel’s 1758 book, “Le Droit des Gens,” or “The Law of Nations.”

§. 212. Les Citoyens sont les membres de la Société Civile: Liés à cette Société par certains devoirs, & sourmis à son Autorité, il participent avec égalité à ses avantages. Les Naturels, ou Indigènes sont ceux qui sont nés dans le pays, de Parens Citoyens.

The bold phrase in English states les Naturels, ou Indigènes (the naturals or indigenous) are those who were born in the country, of parents who are citizens. Nowhere did Vattel use the phrases “natural born citizen” or “natural citizens.” Moreover, Vattel was Swiss, and his legal framework was Swiss law. Switzerland follows Jus Sanguinis (law of the blood), and in Switzerland one must be born of Swiss citizen parents to be born a Swiss citizen. Naturally Vattel would tend to view citizenship as jus sanguinis, or the two-parent rule.

Blackstones Commentaries

Vattel’s book is a treatise, a book of philosophy about international law. The framers also read law books, among them Blackstone’s Analysis of the Laws of England. Birthers stress the importance of Vattel to bolster their argument, but this analysis by Donald S. Lutz shows Vattel was tied for last place for influence by our founders, while Blackstone was #3 (7.9%), both of whom wrote extensively about English common law. For every founder quote of Vattel, there were 16 of Blackstone!

Birthers Epic’ Failure to Make Their Case!

Keith Russell Judd, Federal inmate number 11593-051. Most prolific birther

Of 337+ birther court decisions (see scorecard), birthers have won ZERO cases and several were fined for frivolous cases! Most losses were for lack of standing, technical deficiencies, but more than a ten judges explicitly ruled that Obama is a natural born citizen. Here’s a list of those cases with links:

• Ankeny v. Daniels
• Fair v. Obama
• Farrar v. Obama (Secretary of State also found Obama is a NBC)
• Galasso v. Obama
• Jackson v. Obama
• Paige v. Obama
• Purpura et al v. Obama
• Strunk v. NY State Board of Elections
• Tisdale v. Obama (appeal too)
• Voeltz v. Obama

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Bob Quasius is founder and president of Cafe Con Leche Republicans – original link

Birthers will also likely ask the same questions about another potential presidential contender, Bobby Jindal, whose parents weren’t U.S. citizens or permanent residents when Jindal was born.

Sadly, one likely reason Marco Rubio was passed over as Mitt Romney’s vice-presidential pick was the likelihood that Marco Rubio would have been constantly dogged by birthers. In my opinion, Rubio would have helped Mitt Romney immensely with Latino voters once they got to know him better, and low support among Latino voters likely cost Mitt Romney the election, along with his unfortunate self-deportation comment.

No amount of hard evidence can sway conspiracy theorists. If you disagree with them or confront them with hard evidence to disprove their theory, the immediately accuse you propagating disinformation as part of the conspiracy, almost a ‘no win’ proposition.

Anonymous e-mails from Hillary Clinton’s campaign during the Democratic primaries, igniting the birther movement when conspiracy theorists picked up on the issue. Most prominent among birthers is author Jerome Corsi, who makes a living creating conspiracy theories to sell books. Who can ever forget the North American Union conspiracy, which claimed President Bush would merge the U.S., Canada, and Mexico without the approval of Congress? Corsi even claimed there was a new currency, the Amero, but just try to find one. You can buy Corsi’s book “The Late Great USA: NAFTA, the North American Union, and the Threat of a Coming Merger with Mexico and Canada” for a penny from Amazon.com. Corsi’s North American Union is so lacking in facts and ridiculous that Corsi shouldn’t be taken seriously, but he continues to be a popular author. The more outrageous his conspiracy theories, the more books he sells!

Is Marco Rubio a natural born citizen?

Marco Rubio is undoubtedly a natural born citizen. So is Bobby Jindal, and so is John McCain, though John McCain was born on a U.S. military base in Panama. All three were U.S. citizens at birth and therefore are natural born citizens.

At the time our constitution was adopted, citizenship was determined by English Common Law. Birthright citizenship was part of English Common Law, except for children born of slaves, who were considered slaves rather than subjects.

Opponents of birthright citizenship claim the framers of our constitution and authors of the 14th amendment meant something entirely different than what our courts have consistently ruled for over 100 years. The plain language of the 14th amendment is crystal clear, which explains why no court has sided with birthright citizenship opponents. Section 1 of the 14th amendment states:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.

Opponents deliberately confuse “allegiance” with “jurisdiction”, claiming that children born of unauthorized immigrants owe allegiance to their parents’ home nation, not to the U.S., and therefore are not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Black’s law dictionary defines jurisdiction as:

The power and authority constitutionally conferred upon (or constitutionally recognized as existing in) a court or judge to pronounce the sentence of the law, or to award the remedies provided by law, upon a state of facts, proved or admitted, referred to the tribunal for decision, and authorized by law to be the subject of investigation or action by that tribunal, and in favor of or against persons (or a res) who present themselves, or who are brought, before the court in some manner sanctioned by law as proper and sufficient.

In layman’s terms, if a court or government can hold you accountable under laws, then you are subject to its jurisdiction. Applying common sense, virtually everyone present in the U.S., regardless of any allegiance to any foreign government, is subject to U.S. jurisdiction. If a non-citizen throws a gum wrapper on the sidewalk in violation of anti-littering laws, they can be given a ticket or arrested. That’s jurisdiction! If children born of non-citizens were not “subject to the jurisdiction thereof” then they would be immune to U.S. courts, could not be sued, fined, deported, etc. The legal status of their parents is irrelevant.

The only exception to birthright citizenship are children born on U.S. soil to foreign leaders, diplomats and their families, who have diplomatic immunity under treaty and international law, and cannot be arrested or sued in U.S. courts, and therefore are not subject to U.S. jurisdiction. If a U.S. born child of a diplomat throws a gum wrapper on the sidewalk in front of a cop and the cop tries to ticket him for littering, they can claim diplomatic immunity under international law and U.S. courts cannot fine him for littering.

Another frequent argument against birthright citizenship is that the 14th amendment was merely intended to ensure that newly freed slaves would be considered citizens and not to grant citizenship to children born of unauthorized immigrants. Its true the purpose of the 14th amendment was to address citizenship of slaves. Under English Common Law at the time the U.S. became a nation, children born of slaves were not considered subjects or citizens, and the 14th amendment was needed to reverse the infamous Dredd Scott decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that blacks could never become citizens.

The doctrine of 1776, that all (white) men “are created free and equal,” is universally accepted and made the basis of all our institutions, State and National, and the relations of citizenship–the rights of the individual–in short, the status of the dominant race, is thus defined and fixed for ever.

But there have been doubts and uncertainties in regard to the negro. Indeed, many (perhaps most ) American communities have latterly sought to include him in the ranks of citizenship, and force upon him the status of the superior race.

This confusion is now at an end, and the Supreme Court, in the Dred Scott decision, has defined the relations, and fixed the status of the subordinate race forever–for that decision is in accord with the natural relations of the races, and therefore can never perish. It is based on historical and existing facts, which are indisputable, and it is a necessary, indeed unavoidable inference, from these facts.

There is little doubt the purpose of the 14th amendment was to overturn Dredd Scott v. Stanford and ensure that Southern states respected newly freed slaves as citizens. However, transcripts of the Congressional debate showed that the status of children born of immigrants was vigorously debated. Some members of Congress wanted to exclude children born of Chinese immigrants, but when the vote was taken the 14th amendment passed.

Transcripts of debates in state legislatures that ratified the 14th amendment would no doubt show that citizenship of children born of immigrants was also considered. There is no grand historic misunderstanding! Congress did not intend to exclude the children born of immigrants from birthright citizenship. and a plain reading of the 14th amendment is crystal clear.

Prior to the 14th amendment, English Common law provided for birthright citizenship except for slaves. Upon independence, states passed reception statutes to implement and continue English common law except where it conflicted with state constitutions.

So just what did English Common law say about birthright citizenship when the constitution was adopted? The most authoritative text “An Analysis of the Laws of England” by William Blackstone, first published in 1765, and reprinted in 1770, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1778 and 1783. An updated version of Blackstone’s authoritative text was published by Henry John Stephen in 1841, and reprinted until after the Second World War.

Blackstone defined “natural born subjects” as those born within the dominions of England. In a monarchy, citizens are called “subjects” while in a Republic, “subjects” are called “citizens.” Americans stopped calling themselves “subjects” and began calling themselves “citizens”, consistent with the change in form of government from monarchy to republic. The most authoritative source on English Common law for over a century was William Blackstone. From William Blackstone (1765), Commentaries 1:354, 357–58, 361–62

The first and most obvious division of the people is into aliens and natural-born subjects. Natural-born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England, that is, within the ligeance, or as it is generally called, the allegiance of the king; and aliens, such as are born out of it. Allegiance is the tie, or ligamen, which binds the subject to the king, in return for that protection which the king affords the subject. The thing itself, or substantial part of it, is founded in reason and the nature of government; the name and the form are derived to us from our Gothic ancestors.

Allegiance, both express and implied, is however distinguished by the law into two sorts or species, the one natural, the other local; the former being also perpetual, the latter temporary. Natural allegiance is such as is due from all men born within the king’s dominions immediately upon their birth. For, immediately upon their birth, they are under the king’s protection; at a time too, when (during their infancy) they are incapable of protecting themselves. Natural allegiance is therefore a debt of gratitude; which cannot be forfeited, cancelled, or altered, by any change of time, place, or circumstance, nor by any thing but the united concurrence of the legislature. An Englishman who removes to France, or to China, owes the same allegiance to the king of England there as at home, and twenty years hence as well as now. For it is a principle of universal law, that the natural-born subject of one prince cannot by any act of his own, no, not by swearing allegiance to another, put off or discharge his natural allegiance to the former: for this natural allegiance was intrinsic, and primitive, and antecedent to the other; and cannot be devested without the concurrent act of that prince to whom it was first due…

The children of aliens, born here in England, are, generally speaking, natural-born subjects, and entitled to all the privileges of such. 

Since Obama’s election, another dimension to the birthright citizenship debate emerged, claiming that one is not a “natural born citizen” unless both parents were citizens.  Article Two of our constitution requires that our president be a “natural born citizen” but does not define that term:

No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States

A 2011 report prepared by the Congressional Research Office concludes:

The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term “natural born” citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship “by birth” or “at birth,” either by being born “in” the United States and under its jurisdiction, even those born to alien parents; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen-parents; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship “at birth.” Such term, however, would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth, and who was thus born an “alien” required to go through the legal process of “naturalization” to become a U.S. citizen.

This conclusion is entirely consistent with Blackstone’s commentary on English common law:

The children of aliens, born here in England, are, generally speaking, natural-born subjects, and entitled to all the privileges of such.

Blackstone also notes that children born abroad of diplomats are still considered natural born subjects:

Yet the children of the king’s embassadors born abroad were always held to be natural subjects: for as the father, though in a foreign country, owes not even a local allegiance to the prince to whom he is sent; so, with regard to the son also, he was held (by a kind of postliminium) to be born under the king of England’s allegiance, represented by his father, the embassador. To encourage also foreign commerce, it was enacted by statute 25 Edw. III. st. 2. that all children born abroad, provided both their parents were at the time of the birth in allegiance to the king, and the mother had passed the seas by her husband’s consent, might inherit as if born in England: and accordingly it hath been so adjudged in behalf of merchants. But by several more modern statutes these restrictions are still farther taken off: so that all children, born out of the king’s ligeance, whose fathers were natural-born subjects, are now natural-born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain.

As per Blackstone’s commentary, Americans such as John McCain, who was born of American citizen parents on a U.S. military base in Panama, who would have been considered a natural born subject of England under English common law. McCain was born in Panama on a U.S. military base, and thus subject to U.S. jurisdiction when he was born.

Ditto for Marco Rubio, whose parents were permanent residents of the U.S. when he was born. No doubt birthers will seek to delegitimize Marco Rubio’s citizenship by claiming one or both parents weren’t here legally, but it’s clear the legal status of one’s parents isn’t relevant to the child’s legal status. Ditto for Bobby Jindal, whose parents were not yet permanent residents when Bobby Jindal was born.

The  Congressional Research Service also notes:

The term “natural born” citizen is not defined in the Constitution, and there is no discussion of the  term evident in the notes of the Federal Convention of 1787. The use of the phrase in the Constitution may have derived from a suggestion in a letter from John Jay to George Washington during the Convention expressing concern about having the office of Commander-in-Chief “devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen,” as there were fears at that time about wealthy European aristocracy or royalty coming to America, gaining citizenship, and then buying and scheming their way to the presidency without long-standing loyalty to the nation. At the time of  independence, and at the time of the framing of the Constitution, the term “natural born” with respect to citizenship was in use for many years in the American colonies, and then in the states, from British common law and legal usage. Under the common law principle of jus soli (law of the soil), persons born on English soil, even of two alien parents, were “natural born” subjects and, as noted by the Supreme Court, this “same rule” was applicable in the American colonies and “in the United States afterwards, and continued to prevail under the Constitution …” with respect to citizens. In textual constitutional analysis, it is understood that terms used but not defined in the document must, as explained by the Supreme Court, “be read in light of British common law” since the Constitution is “framed in the language of the English common law.”

So why on Earth are some groups trying to rewrite hundreds of years of history and legal precedent? Clearly the birther movement is behind the effort to redefine ‘natural born citizen’ to de-legitimize President Obama, who clearly is a natural born citizen. There’s also a subliminal message that Obama ‘is not one of us.’

Clearly there are also those who do not like Marco Rubio because he is Hispanic and the son of immigrants. By raising the issue of ‘natural born citizens’ some hope to derail any chance that Marco Rubio might become a presidential candidate.

With regards to immigration, there is clearly an effort afoot to generate hostility to groups that are perceived either as immigrants or recent offspring of immigrants. It’s also become acceptable in many quarters to hate unauthorized immigrants, blaming them for a range of social problems. By making an issue of birthright citizenship, now it becomes OK to also hate citizens who are perceived as benefiting from birthright citizenship. Most Hispanics are either immigrants themselves, or 1-2 generations removed, and sadly many Americans view all Hispanics as either unauthorized immigrants or ‘fake citizens’ who are citizens due to ‘misinterpretation’ of that pesky 14th amendment.

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by Bob Quasius, founder and president of Cafe Con Leche Republicans (original link)

Marshall, MN – National GOP Group Cafe Con Leche Republicans today called on Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio to refocus his energies on fixing severe management deficiencies in his department.

Bob Quasius, President, stated “We’re quite frankly aghast at the pervasive problems revealed in the recent racial profiling trial and DOJ report. Either Arpaio lied at the trial about racial profiling or he simply does not know what is going on in his own department. In 2008, the conservative Goldwater Institute issued a scathing report documenting that Arpaio’s priorities are clearly misplaced. Activities that generate PR for Arpaio are top priority, and basic crime fighting, such as investigating sex crimes and serving felony arrest warrants, continue to suffer. Arpaio needs to refocus his energies on running his own department, drop his quixotic birther quest, and settle the lawsuit with the Department of Justice by taking drastic action to address systematic discriminatory policing within his department.

We’re also shocked at today’s revelations by author John Woodman that Arpaio’s cold case posse’s latest claims are fraudulent. It appears obvious that Arpaio failed to do basic fact checking before his recent press conference in which he claimed “proof” that Obama’s birth certificate is a fraud. In fact, the timing of the press conference suggests an attempt to divert attention from the upcoming racial profiling trial.”

In a statement today (see below), author and computer expert John Woodman stated “The first image that they led people to believe was from 1961 actually came from a similar manual dated 7 years later, and the second image is even worse. They claimed they got their information directly from the federal government. Jerome Corsi, the conspiracy theorist whom Arpaio made an integral member of the posse, has claimed that they searched ‘for months’ before they ‘finally found’ the 1961 manual. But the second image is from 1969, and they quite clearly took it directly from a birther web site.”

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About Us – Cafe Con Leche Republicans is a national organization of Republicans who welcome “New Americans”, defined as immigrants and family of recent immigrants. Our mission is to make America and the GOP, more welcoming to “New Immigrants” through political activism, “in-reach” and education within the Republican Party, and lobbying government to adopt more immigrant friendly policies. We also seek to bring more conservative and moderate “New Americans” to the Republican Party. These efforts will strengthen the GOP, and lead more Republicans to embrace welcoming policies for immigrants and their families. We have chapters in Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Nevada, and California. Our members and leadership are predominantly Hispanic, though we define ourselves by mission and guiding principles, not ethnicity, and we welcome all who share our goals. Our leadership is 100% Republican.

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE – Statement by author John Woodman

Confirmed: Arpaio’s Posse Fabricated “Indisputable Proof” that Obama’s Birth Certificate Is “Forged”

SPRINGFIELD, MO — An author who wrote the book — literally — on Barack Obama’s birth certificate says that Sheriff Joe Arpaio’s “Cold Case Posse” presented false evidence to the nation on July 17th, when they claimed to have “indisputable proof” that President Obama’s birth certificate was a “forgery.”

John Woodman has a copy of the 1961 manual that Arpaio’s posse claimed to have — and he says it directly contradicts their claims.

According to Woodman, the Posse’s most significant claim was that the penciled number “9″ by Obama’s father’s race meant that nothing at all should be in that box. The box contained the word “African,” creating an apparent conflict that Arpaio and his posse said was proof of forgery.

Both lead investigator Michael Zullo and Posse member Jerome Corsi have explictly stated that “9″ means “not reported” or “not stated.” And yet in the actual code book, “9″ means “Other nonwhite” — which would have been the appropriate category for “African.”

Just as bad however, says Woodman, are the visuals shown in the Posse’s official video — which depict documents other than the manual claimed.

“The first image that they led people to believe was from 1961 actually came from a similar manual dated 7 years later,” says Woodman. “And the second image is even worse. They claimed they got their information directly from the federal government. Jerome Corsi, the conspiracy theorist whom Arpaio made an integral member of the posse, has claimed that they searched ‘for months’ before they ‘finally found’ the 1961 manual. But the second image is from 1969, and they quite clearly took it directly from a birther web site.”

Woodman says it just doesn’t appear possible that an innocent “mistake” was made.

“There’s no way, if you have that 1968 document, that you can avoid seeing that it says ’1968.’ It’s in big, bold letters, right at the top. And a birther web site is a far cry from the US government.”

“In fact, there are at least four different falsehoods here. First, we have the two misrepresented documents. Then, there’s the claim of what the 1961 manual supposedly said, which the manual itself directly contradicts. And finally, their claim that the “9″ was even a federal code is untrue, too.”

“The real 1961 manual shows that the US government reporting was based on microfilm copies of birth certificates — not on penciled codes written by people in Hawaii.”

Literally all of their other “forgery” claims have also been disproven, Woodman says. “But this incident alone is enough to destroy their credibility.”

Woodman presents the full evidence at his web site, ObamaBirthBook.com.

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John Woodman has spent more than 20 years as a computer professional in varying capacities – programming, consulting, troubleshooting, and designing and building software. He is the author of “Is Barack Obama’s Birth Certificate a Fraud? A Computer Guy Examines the Evidence for Forgery.”

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