Image source: usasurvival.org

The 1950s brought us Elvis, poodle skirts, rock ‘n’ roll, squeaky clean television families… and McCarthyism.

Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wis) is one of the US Senate’s most infamous characters. He fueled fear during the early years of the Cold War with red-baiting.

Running parallel with McCarthy’s red-baiting in the Senate was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). McCarthy in the Senate and HUAC counterparts in the House like Rep. Richard Nixon (R-CA) considered it their duty to rid the US of communists. Primarily, HUAC attacked Hollywood actors and writers, while McCarthy attacked the government and policies of President Harry S. Truman. After Republicans took control of the government with the election of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, McCarthy continued his crusade as chair of the Senate Committee on Government Operations and its Subcommittee on Investigations.

It was a dark time in US history. HUAC hearings ruined many lives and careers; dozens of artists and free-thinkers were blacklisted and forbidden from working in motion pictures. Blacklisting and red-baiting also led to increased censorship in burgeoning movie industry. The Army-McCarthy Hearings were broadcast gavel-to-gavel on network television

Senator Joe McCarthy (Credit: Senator Joe McCarthy American Hero website)

Some see McCarthy as a villain, while others view him as a hero of the right. Contemporary right-wingers like Cliff Kincaid of  America’s Survival have called for resurrection of the House Un-American Activities Committee to “stop the ugly spread of Marxism in American” and ferret out communists in the Obama Administration.

This week the Huffington Post reported that Rep. Steve King (R-Iowa) “appeared to lend support in a recent interview to the re-creation of a congressional committee directly descended from the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).”

For decades, feminists who indiscriminately kill babies (ie, have abortions) were put down and targeted with legislation to curb their rights. A few years ago, gays and Lesbians were vilified by the right for attempting to destroy the sanctity of marriage. This year, the hot-button target group was illegal aliens invading our country. Will communists and other free-thinkers be the next group targeted by the right-wing, fear-mongers? What ever happened to the First Amendment?

HUAC and The Censorship Changes
The content of Hollywood films has always been regulated in one form or another, however between 1947 and 1954 the House Un–American Activities Committee (HUAC) became indirectly involved in this kind of regulation. After the Second World War the America’s alliance with the Soviet Union ended, the Cold War began, and the “Red Scare” moved into full force. The HUAC members considered it their duty to purge the country of any Communist influences. While numerous industries were investigated by HUAC, because of Hollywoods high profile, it became the best known target of this infamous committee.

In 1947 the committee’s purpose was threefold:

First, it intended to prove that the Screen Writer’s s guild had Communist members.

Second, it hoped to show that these writers were able to insert subversive propaganda into Hollywood films.

Third, J. Parnell Thomas, head of the committee, argued that President Roosevelt had encouraged pro–Soviet films during the war. Although none of these claims was ever substantiated, the committee’s tactics worked to force many talented and creative people to leave Hollywood.
During the initial hearings so–called friendly witnesses were asked to testify. These people were allowed to read prepared statements arid were treated with respect. They were not under suspicion, but, instead, were willing to testify about any Communist activity that they were aware of in Hollywood. Some of the best–known friendly witnesses were Jack Warner and Louis B. Mayer, representing the studio heads, as well as Gary Cooper, Robert Taylor. Robert Montgomery, and Ronald Reagan, representing actors.

Nineteen “unfriendly” witnesses were subpoenaed. These were people whom the committee considered to be Communists. Although only eleven were called to testify, all their lives were deeply affected. German playwright Bertolt Brecht was the only one of the eleven to answer any questions on the stand. He claimed he was not a Communist, but after testifying he immediately left Hollywood to return to East Germany. The remaining ten became the famous so–called “Hollywood Ten”. One director (Edward Dmytryk) and nine screenwriters (John Howard Lawson, Dalton Trumbo, Albert Maltz, Alvah Bessie, Samuel Ornintz, Herbert Biberman, Adrian Scott, Ring Lardner, Jr., and Lester Cole) took the stand and refused to answer any questions, claiming their Fifth Amendment rights.

These ten witnesses knew they had three options. They could claim they were not and never had been members of the Communist Party (this would have meant perjuring themselves); they could admit or claim membership and then be forced to name other members (and this would have meant losing their jobs both because of their former membership and their dubious position as informers); or they could refuse to answer any questions (which is the choice they made). Although most lawyers would agree today that the Fifth Amendment gave them tire right to choose this last option, the committee (and then the courts during appeals) did not agree. All ten were held in (contempt and subsequently served between six and twelve months in jail, although one, Edward Dmytryk, later agreed to cooperate with the committee and did not serve his entire sentence. The remaining nine were blacklisted by the Hollywood film community and found themselves forced to use pseudonyms in order to sell scripts. (“Robert Rich”, for instance, who won the Oscar for Best Screenplay for “The Brave One” in 1956, was actually the blacklisted Dalton Trumbo.)

Immediately after these ten men went before the committee, fifty Hollywood executives gathered for a two–day secret meeting. Knowing that they could face huge losses at the box office no matter what the committee’s findings, they debated the best way to handle the situation. On November 24, 1947, they announced as a group that the Hollywood Ten were suspended without pay. Furthermore, they issued a statement that declared, “We, will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force, or by any illegal or unconstitutional method.”

While this statement was purposely worded ambiguously, in the end it served to encourage and condone a ten–year blacklist. From 1951 to 1954, HUAC, now directed by John S. Wood, again focused on Hollywood, compiling a list of 324 present and former Hollywood workers who supposedly were or had been members of the Communist Party. Whether or not these people admitted membership, they ended up on an unofficial blacklist. Even cooperative witnesses who named others or renounced their own former membership in the party were on the list. Of these 324 people, 212 were actively working in Hollywood during this time, and thus lost their jobs.

The production process was affected by these proceedings. Not only were the 212 workers lost at almost all levels of production (actors, writers, directors, technicians), but the content of the movies being made began to shift as well. Studios became even more cautious and aware of the public’s reception of their films. Between 1947 and 1954 almost forty explicitly propagandistic anti–Communist films were made in Hollywood. Despite the fact that nearly all lost money, the studios continued to put the products out, hoping to prevent boycotts. Furthermore, producers tended to shy away from films about social problems.

Pressure from banks also worked to limit the film industry during this period. During the war the banks were quick to lend money for film projects. The audiences were growing, while the products were becoming fewer as a result of the war. Simple supply and demand told the banks that just about any film would make a profit. However, after the war the audience began to turn to television in lieu of movies. Combined with the other changes, this meant that Hollywood films could not necessarily be assumed to turn a profit. Thus, as the banks became more cautious, they got more involved in monitoring the content of the films, pushing for conservative, safe ventures. [Check out the link above for the rest of this article.]