CHICAGO – Children on medicine for attention deficit disorder scored higher on academic tests than their unmedicated peers in the first large, long-term study suggesting this kind of benefit from the widely used drugs.
The nationally representative study involved nearly 600 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder followed from kindergarten through fifth grade.
Children’s scores on several standardized math and reading tests taken during those years were examined. Compared with unmedicated kids, average scores for medicated children were almost three points higher in math and more than five points higher in reading. The difference amounts to about three months ahead in reading and two months in math, the researchers said.
Both groups had lower scores on average than a separate group of children without ADHD. The researchers acknowledged that gap but said the benefits for medicated kids were still notable.
“We’re not trying to say in this study that medication is the only answer,” but the results suggest benefits that parents, educators and policymakers shouldn’t ignore, said Richard Scheffler, the lead author and professor at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Public Health.
The researchers agreed that other treatment ADHD children often receive – including behavior therapy and tutoring – can help, but the study didn’t look at those measures.
About 4 million U.S. children have been diagnosed with ADHD. About half of them take prescription medication – often powerful stimulants like Ritalin – to control the extreme fidgetiness and impulsive behavior that characterize the condition.
Often, kids with ADHD struggle in class and get lower grades than their classmates. They also have higher dropout rates.
American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines say stimulant drugs are effective but that behavior techniques should also be used.
Previous evidence suggests teachers give higher grades to ADHD kids on medication, but the study authors said that might simply mean teachers prefer them because they’re better behaved than unmedicated children.
Psychiatrist Dr. Bennett Leventhal, who was not involved in the study, called the results impressive.
“It doesn’t mean that every child with ADHD should be taking medication,” but previous studies have suggested that most affected kids can benefit, said Leventhal, a University of Illinois-Chicago psychiatry professor.
Dr. Louis Kraus, a psychiatrist with Chicago’s Rush University Medical Center, said he worries the study will make parents turn to medication without considering other options. Behavioral treatment generally should be tried first, Kraus said.